unit02, studia, uni [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
//-->2Customs and traditionsWords and phrases2.1 custom/"kVst@m/ (n)accepted way of behaving orof doing things in a society orcommunity◆In many countriesit’s a custom to give presents onsomeone’s birthday.customary(adj), customarily (adv)2.8 involve/In"vQlv/ (v)When an event or activityinvolvessthit means that sth is a necessaryor important part of it.◆WhenDoug agreed to help Rob movehouse, he hadn’t imagined that itwould involve carrying a piano uptwo flights of stairs.involvement(n)2.15 rampart/"r&mpA:t/ (n)high, wide, wall of stone with apath on top, built around a townor castle to defend it2.16 jester/"dZest@(r)/ (n)in the past, a man employed bykings and queens to amuse peopleby telling jokes and stories; now,a person who acts this part atspecial events, often wearing verybrightly-coloured clothes jest (n,v), in jest (phr)2.2 tradition/tr@"dISn/ (n)a belief or way of doing sth thathas existed for a long time amonga particular group of people◆There is a long tradition in theBritish Royal family of followinga military career.traditionalism(n), traditionalist (n), traditional(adj), traditionally (adv)2.9 origin/"Qr@dZIn/ (n)the beginning or backgroundof sth◆Margaret Thatcher rosefrom humble origins as a grocerísdaughter to become the BritishPrime Minister.originate (v),original (adj), originally (adv)2.17 toss/tQs/ (v)throw lightly or carelesslytoss (n)2.18 scramble/"skr&mbl/ (v)to push, fight or compete withothers in order to get or reach sth.◆When the fire alarm went off,everyone scrambled madly for theexits.scramble (n)2.10 rodent/"r@Ud@nt/ (n)Lead in2.3 breed/bri:d/ (v)keep animals in order to produceyoung ones in a controlled way◆South Lakes Wildlife Park hasrecently acquired two young adulttigers which they hope to breed.breed (n)Also: reproduce.an animal belonging to the groupof small mammals with sharp frontteeth that grow constantly, e.g. amouse or rat2.11 nuisance/"nju:s@ns/ (n)thing, person or situation that isannoying◆What a nuisance! Theshop’s shut already and I neededsome milk.2.19 impromptu/Im"prQmptju:/ (adj)done without preparation orplanning2.4 annual/"&nju@l/ (adj)happening once every yearannually (adv)2.12 get rid of/%get "rId @v/ (phr v)make yourself free of sb/sth thatyou don’t want or that is annoying◆Sam chats for ages when he callsand sometimes I have to find apolite way of getting rid of him.2.20 passer-by/%pA:s@ "baI/ (n)person who is going past by chancewhile sth (often unexpected) ishappening2.5 festival/"festIvl/ (n)day or period when people startworking to celebrate sthfestivities (n pl) festive (adj)2.21 fiesta/fi"est@/ (n)public event where peoplecelebrate, usually connected witha religious festival in Spanish-speaking countries (though LaTomatina is not a religious fiesta)2.13 enhance/In"hA:ns/ (v)increase or improve the quality ofsth enhancement (n), enhanced(adj)2.6 celebration/%selI"breISn/ (n)special event organised because sthpleasant has happened celebrate(v)2.14 float/fl@Ut/ (n)large vehicle, sometimes decorated,on which people dressed incostumes or displays are carried ina festival2.22 combatant/"kQmb@t@nt/ (n)person (also group or country)involved in fighting a battlecombat (n, v)2.7 take place/%teIk "pleIs/ (phr v)happen, esp. because sth isarranged or plannedCAE Result © Oxford University Press12.23 alliance/@"laI@ns/ (n)group of people who work togetherto achieve sth that they all want,esp. in a situation of conflict orwhere others hold different viewsally (n, v), allied (adj)2.34 debris/"debri:/ (n)pieces of material that are left aftersth has been destroyed, or rubbishleft behind◆It was a fantasticparty, but I’m exhausted now. Let’sclear up the debris in the morning.2.44 head/hed/ (v)to move in a particular direction◆I don’t like the look of thoseblack clouds. Let’s head for homebefore it pours with rain.2.45 dune/dju:n/ (n)hill of sand formed by the wind,either in the desert or by the sea2.24 squash/skwQS/ (v)press sth so that it becomes soft,damaged or flat squashy (adj)2.35 date back (to)/"deIt %b&k/ (phr v)starting or coming into existence ata certain time in the past2.46 jeep/dZi:p/ (n)strong vehicle used for driving overrough ground, esp. by the army2.25 ammunition/%&mju"nISn/ (n)supply of sth that you use to throwat sb,usuallybullets, shells etc. tobe fired from guns or tanks2.36 parade/p@"reId/ (n)public procession, usually withmusic bands and floats (see 2.14)parade (v)2.47 diesel/"di:zl/ (n)type of heavy oil used as a fuelinstead of petrol2.26 accompaniment/@"kVmp@nIm@nt/ (n)sth that happens at the sametime as sth else and providesa background to it, esp. musicor noise accompanist (n),accompany (v)2.37 crush/krVS/ (v)press or squeeze sth so hard that itloses its shape or is destroyedcrush (n)2.48 sweep (sb) up/%swi:p "Vp/ (phr v)make sb very interested or involvedin sth in a way that makes themforget everything elseUsuallyused in the passivebe/get swept upin sth.Can also have a more literalmeaning of being physically moved:swept up by the crowd and carriedalong.2.38 mess/mes/ (n)dirty or untidy state messy (adj),mess (sth) up (phr v)2.27 cheer/tSI@(r)/ (v)shout loudly giving support orpraise cheer (n), cheer sb on(phr v)ReadingFestival in the desert2.39 remote/rI"m@Ut/ (adj)far away from places where otherpeople live remoteness (n),remotely (adv)2.28 hostilities/hQ"stIl@tiz/ (n pl)acts of fighting in a war hostility(n), hostile (adj)Hostilityisunfriendly or aggressive behaviourbut the plural noun is usedspecifically in the context of war.2.49 anticipation/&n%tIsI"peISn/ (n)feeling of excitement about sth thatis going to happen (usu. sth good)anticipate (v), anticipatory (adj)2.50 nomadic/n@U"m&dIk/ (adj)travelling from place to placewithout having a permanent homenomad (n)2.29 commence/k@"mens/ (v)begin (more formal)commencement (n),2.40 vast/vA:st/ (adj)extremely large in area, size,amount, etc. vastness (n), vastly(adv)2.30 slimy/"slaImi/ (adj)made of or covered in anyunpleasant thick wet substanceslime (n)2.51 get-together/"get t@%geD@(r)/ (n)informal party or meeting2.41 expanse/Ik"sp&ns/ (n)wide, open area of sth, esp. land,desert or water expand (v),expansive (adj), expansively (adv)2.52 beat a path/%bi:t @ "pA:T/ (idm)go in the same direction aseverybody else2.31 mush/mVS/ (n)soft, thick mass or mixture, usu.when sth is unpleasant mushy(adj)2.42 venture/"ventS@(r)/ (v)go somewhere even thoughyou know that it is going to bedangerous or unpleasant venture(n)2.53 scrub/skrVb/ (n)dry land covered with smallbushes and trees2.32 extra/"ekstr@/ (n)person employed to play a verysmall part in a film, usu. as amember of a crowd2.54 charcoal/"tSA:k@Ul/ (n)black substance used as a fuelwhich is made by burning woodslowly without much air2.43 technician/tek"nISn/ (n)person whose job involves skilledwork with particular equipmenttechnical (adj), technically (adv)2.33 rinse/rIns/ (v)wash sth with clean water only,not soap rinse (n)2.55 brazier/"breIzi@(r)/ (n)large metal container that holdsa fire and is used to keep peoplewarm when they are outside2CAE Result © Oxford University Press2.56 calabash/"k&l@b&S/ (n)musical instrument made from thehard covering of the calabash, alarge tropical fruit2.66 the odd/(Di) "Qd/ (adj)occasional, not very frequentor important◆I’m not really acinema fan, but I go to see the oddfilm if it looks interesting.2.77 universal/%ju:nI"v3:sl/ (adj)done by or involving all the peoplein the world or a particular groupuniverse (n), universally (adv)2.57 lute/lu:t/ (n)musical instrument played like aguitar2.67 sponsorship/"spQns@SIp/ (n)financial support from a sponsor(a person or business who helpsby giving money) sponsor (n, v)2.78 commercialism/k@"m3:S@lIz@m/ (n)fact of being more interested inmaking money than in the value,quality or real meaning of things◆The true meaning of Christmashas been taken over by thecommercialism of shops piled highwith expensive gifts.commercial(adj), commercially (adv)2.58 talking drum/%tO:kIN "drVm/ (n)drum used to give messagesand signals to people in onecommunity or to communicatewith others further away2.68 motive/"m@UtIv/ (n)reason for doing sth motivation(n), motivator (n), motivate (v),motivated (adj), motivational (adj)2.59 bead/bi:d/ (n)small piece of glass, wood, etc.with a hole through it, that canbe put on a string with others andworn as jewellery beading (n),beaded (adj)2.69 underpin/%Vnd@"pIn/ (v)form the basis of sthunderpinning (n)2.79 stroll/str@Ul/ (v)walk in a slow, relaxed waystroll (n)2.70 odd/Qd/ (adj)strangeoddity (n), oddly (adv)2.80 compass/"kVmp@s/ (n)instrument for finding direction,with a needle that always point tothe north2.60 yell/jel/ (v)shout very loudly, e.g. because youare excited (or angry) yell (n)2.71 kick-start/"kIk %stA:t/ (v)do sth to help a project or processstart more quicklyAlso howyou start a motorbike, from wherethe expression originates.kick-start (n)2.81 filter/"fIlt@(r)/ (v)move gradually in a particulardirection, esp. news, information◆Emma hadn’t heard from Phil forweeks, but the news filtered backto her through friends that he hadmoved in with Alison.filter (n)2.61 scuttle (off)/"skVtl/ (v)run with short, quick steps, usu.away from a situation that youdon’t like◆The mouse took onelook at the cat and scuttled offunder the shed.2.72 intention/In"tenSn/ (n)plan or aim intend (v),intended (adj), intentional (adj),intentionally (adv)2.62 infancy/"Inf@nsi/ (n)early stage of development2.82 maize/meIz/ (n)tall plant grown for its yellowgrains that are either made intoflour or eaten as the vegetableknown assweetcorn2.73 in the eyes of/%In Di "aIz @v/ (idm)according to, in sb’s opinion◆In the eyes of the law, a childunder the age of ten cannot be heldlegally responsible.2.63 witness/"wItn@s/ (v)see sth happen or take place,sometimes sth good, morecommonly an accident or a crimewitness (n)2.83 millet/"mIlIt/ (n)cereal that grows in hot countries,producing seeds that are mainlyused to make flour or to feed birdsand animals2.74 handicraft/"h&ndIkrA:ft/ (n)activity where you make things byhand using skill and artistic ability,esp. sewing, woodwork, pottery;also refers to any object made inthis way2.64 authentic/O:"TentIk/ (adj)known to be real and genuine◆I can’t believe that Tessa thoughtshe was buying authentic AncientEgyptian pottery! She only paid acouple of pounds – it can’t possiblybe the real thing.authenticity(n), authenticate (v), authentically(adv)2.84 oasis/@U"eIsIs/ (n)area in the desert where there iswater and where plants grow2.75 draw/drO:/ (n)thing, person or event that attractsa lot of peopleVery commonlyfound in the expressionthe maindraw.draw (v)2.85 sustainability/s@%steIn@"bIl@ti/ (n)ability to be continued for a longtime sustain (v), sustainable (adj)2.65 beyond/bI"jQnd/ (adv)more than, apart from sth◆Ashe spoke very little French beyond‘hello’ and ‘goodbye’, orderingfood in a restaurant proved ratherdifficult!2.76 envy/"envi/ (n)feeling of wanting to be in thesame situation as sb else envy(v), envious (adj), enviously (adv)CAE Result © Oxford University Press32.86 call into question/%kO:l Int@ "kwestSn/ (idm)doubt sth or make others doubtsthUsually used in the passive.◆As he earlier claimed not tohave seen the fight, his validityas a witness has been called intoquestion.2.96 turban/"t3:b@n/ (n)long piece of cloth wound tightlyaround the head worn, for example,by men of certain religions2.106 hostage/"hQstIdZ/ (n)person who is captured and heldprisoner by a person or group, andwho may be injured or killed ifpeople do not do what the personor group is asking for hold/takesb hostage (v)2.97 standard/"st&nd@d/ (adj)normal, not special or unusualstandard (n)2.87 capacity/k@"p&s@ti/ (n)number of things or peoplethat a space can hold◆Anfieldstadium was full to capacity forthe Liverpool–Everton match lastSaturday.capacious (adj)2.98 attire/@"taI@(r)/ (n)clothes that sb is wearingFormal.2.107 shortcut/%SO:t"kVt/ (n)quicker or shorter way of gettingto a place or doing sth (can betwo words)◆If you take shortcutsinstead of doing the properresearch, you’re unlikely to get thebest results.2.99 shovel/"SVvl/ (v)lift and move earth, stones, etc.shovel (n)2.88 fray/freI/ (v)come apart: whentempers fray,people start to become irritated orannoyed2.100 usher/"VS@(r)/ (v)take or show sb where they shouldgo usher (n)2.108 profusely/pr@"fju:sli/ (adv)a lot, in large amounts◆Hannahthanked the woman profusely forlooking after her little boy when hegot lost.profusion (n), profuse(adj)2.89 convoy/"kQnvOI/ (n)group of vehicles or shipstravelling together, esp. whensoldiers or other vehicles travelwith them for protection◆Threesoldiers died when rebels openedfire on a UN convoy taking freshtroops into the south of the city.Vocabulary2.101 furious/"fjU@ri@s/ (adj)very angry(adv)fury (n), furiously2.109 get away with/%get @"weI wID/ (phr v)do sth wrong and not be punishedfor it◆Sam broke her mum’sfavourite vase by accident, but shegot away with it.2.102 overtake/%@Uv@"teIk/ (v)go past a moving vehicle or personahead of you because you aregoing faster than they are◆I pulledout to overtake the truck which wascrawling up the hill.2.90 chuck/tSVk/ (v)throw sth carelessly2.110 persuasion/p@"sweIZn/ (n)the act of persuading sb to do sthor to believe sth◆After a littlegentle persuasion, he agreed tocome.persuade (v), persuasive(adj), persuasively (adv)2.91 within earshot (of)/wI%DIn "I@SQt/ (idm)near enough to hear sb/sth or tobe heard2.103 obedience/@"bi:di@ns/ (n)doing what you are told to do◆Obedience to their father’s strictrules was very hard for the children.obey (v), obedient (adj),obediently (adv)2.92 impact/"Imp&kt/ (n)powerful effect that sth has onsth/sb impact (on) (v)2.111 expedition/%eksp@"dISn/ (n)organised journey with a particularpurpose, esp. to find out about sththat is not well known2.93 conflict/"kQnflIkt/ (n)situation in which people, groupsor communities are involved in aserious disagreement or argumentconflict (v), conflicting (adj)2.112 jaguar/"dZ&gju@(r)/ (n)Grammar2.104 stewardess/%stju:@"des/ (n)woman whose job is to take careof the passengers on a planesteward (n)member of the big cat familyfound only in Central and SouthAmerica, with yellow-brown furand black rings and spots2.94 prominently/"prQmIn@ntli/ (adv)in a way that is easily seen,because sth is made importantprominence (n), prominent (adj)2.113 struggle/"strVgl/ (v)do sth with difficultystruggle (n)2.105 ignition/Ig"nISn/ (n)place in a car where you put thekey in to start the engine (literally,the electrical system that makesthe fuel begin to burn) ignite (v)2.114 in the event/%In DI I"vent/ (phr)when the situation actuallyhappened◆I was really worriedabout my final exam, but in theevent it wasn’t as difficult as I’dexpected.2.95 indigo/"IndIg@U/ (adj)very dark blue, almost purple, incolour indigo (n)4CAE Result © Oxford University PressListening2.115 preserve/prI"z3:v/ (v)keep a particular quality, feature,etc., make sure that sth is kept◆Unfortunately, efforts to preservethe peace in the Middle East havefailed once again.preservation(n), preserver (n)2.124contemporary/k@n"tempr@ri/ (adj)modern, belonging to the presenttimeSpeaking2.134 ceremony/"ser@m@ni/ (n)public or religious occasion thatincludes a series of formal ortraditional actions◆The weddingceremony in church was attendedby about fifty people, in contrast tothe couple of hundred who gatheredfor the party in the evening.ceremonial (adj), ceremonially(adv)2.125charter/"tSA:t@(r)/ (n)written agreement about theprinciples and aims of anorganisation2.126cropland/"krQpl&nd/ (n)2.116 exhibit/Ig"zIbIt/ (n)object or work of art put in apublic place, e.g. a museum, sothat people can see it exhibit (v),exhibition (n)land where plants are grown inlarge quantities2.127procession/pr@"seSn/ (n)2.117 conceive (of)/k@n "si:v (of)/ (v)form an idea, a plan, etc. in yourmind; imagine sth◆Jules Verneconceived the idea of rockets to themoon long before anyone in NASA!conception (n), concept (n), (in)conceivable (adj), conceptual (adj)line of people or vehicles that movealong slowly in an organised way,esp. as part of a ceremony (moreformal thanparade,see 2.36)process (v)2.135 launch/lO:nÍ/ (v)put a ship or boat into the water◆As soon as the emergencysignal sounded, the lifeboats werelaunched into the sea.launch (n)2.128not sb’s cup of tea/%nQt ... %kVp @v "ti:/ (idm)not what sb likes or is interested in◆An evening listening to classicalmusic isn’t my cup of tea, I’d muchrather listen to rap.2.136 speculate/"spekj@leIt/ (v)guess, esp. without knowing allthe details or facts◆There’s nopoint speculating about whathappened. You’ll have to wait untilwe get some more information.speculation (n), speculative(adj), speculatively (adv)2.118 demonstrate/"dem@nstreIt/ (v)show sth clearly by giving proof orevidence◆His sudden departuredemonstrates how unreliable he is.demonstration (n), demonstrable(adj)2.129stall/stO:l/ (n)table or small shop with an openfront that people sell things from,esp. at a marketUse of English2.137 come of age/kVm @v "eIdZ/ (idm)reach the age when you havean adult’s legal rights andresponsibilities coming of age (n)2.130charity/"Í&r@ti/ (n)2.119 fair/fe@(r)/ (n)type of entertainment in a fieldor park at which people entertainthemselves and play games to winprizesorganisation for helping people inneed◆The charity was set up toprovide support for single-parentfamilies.2.131artefact/"A:tIf&kt/ (n)2.120 curator/kjU@"reIt@(r)/ (n)person whose job is to be incharge of the objects in a museumor art gallery curate (v)object, e.g. a pot or tool, made bya human being and of historicalor cultural interestAlso speltartifact(Am Eng).2.138 retain/rI"teIn/ (v)keep sth; continue to have sth◆The police struggled to retaincontrol of the situation.2.121 ancestor/"&nsest@(r)/ (n)person in your family who lived along time ago2.132insular/"Insj@l@(r)/ (adj)2.139 rite/raIt/ (n)ceremony performed by aparticular group of people orsociety, often for religious purposesonly interested in your owncountry, ideas, etc. and not inthose from outside2.122tribe/traIb/ (n)group of people of the same race,and with the same customs,language, religion, etc. tribesman2.133inhabit/In"h&bIt/ (v)2.140 ritual/"rIÍu@l/ (n)action or series of actions alwaysperformed in the same way, esp.as part of a ceremony or religiousservice ritualise (v), ritual (adj),ritually (adv)2.123contribution/%kQntrI"bju:Sn/ (n)action or service that helps to causeor increase sth◆Any researchprovides a significant contribution toscientific knowledge.contributor(n), contribute (v), contributory (adj)live in a particular place◆The island used to be inhabitedbut no one lives here any more.inhabitant (n), habitation (n),uninhabitable (adj), uninhabited(adj)CAE Result © Oxford University Press5 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]