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07-21 JUL 07
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL)
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REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA
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EOF HANDBOOK
Foreword
The focus of a counterinsurgency (COIN) is the people, and nothing moves the population
against one side or another as much as the indiscriminate use of force. Force may be
unavoidable, but through planning, preparation, and training, the number of those
incidents can be decreased and the lethality of the incidents reduced. Force must be
perceived by the people as judicious, appropriate, and proportional to the threat, while still
protecting our Soldiers.
Plan for both lethal and nonlethal means during the intelligence preparation of
the battlefield process.
Soldiers and leaders must know and rehearse escalation of force (EOF)/rules of
engagement procedures.
Detailed and innovative planning can extend reaction time.
Develop contingencies for even routine missions.
Battle staff planning and oversight can de-escalate situations.
Consider available enablers in task organization -- unmanned aerial vehicle,
counter improvised explosive device electronic warfare, quick reaction force,
and biometrics -- to mitigate risks and prevent potentially volatile events.
Cultural sensitivities affect setup and operation of traffic control points, cordon
and search, and convoys.
Patterns kill: Change routines to decrease the ability of the insurgents to attack
coalition forces, reducing the need for EOF.
Plan for and employ force protection equipment to help increase reaction time
and reduce unnecessary casualties.
Leaders must do all they can to increase the time a Soldier has to make an EOF decision.
Increased reaction time begins with recognizing situations likely to lead to an EOF event.
Shaping the environment, anticipating follow-on effects of decisions, and developing
contingencies all facilitate the right response to a given situation. Rigorous, realistic, and
innovative EOF predeployment training integrated into mission planning and execution
will better prepare units to visualize upcoming challenges in a complex and often
ambiguous COIN environment.
Steven Mains
Colonel, Armor
Director
Center for Army Lessons Learned
U.S. UNCLASSIFIED
REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA
For Official Use Only
i
EOF HANDBOOK
Escalation of Force Handbook
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Chapter 1. Mission Planning
5
Chapter 2. Training
9
Chapter 3. Actual Operations
43
Chapter 4. Tools and Equipment
57
Appendix A. United Kingdom (UK) Operational Training Advisory
Group (OPTAG) Rules of Engagement (ROE) Training
77
Appendix B. Escalation of Force: The Civilian Perspective
81
Appendix C. References
83
Center for Army Lessons Learned
Director
Colonel Steven Mains
Managing Editor
George J. Mordica II
Project Analyst
Ralph Nichols
CALL Analyst
P. Keith Warman
Contributing Authors
Scott Blaney
Colonel Wayne Detwiler
Major Steve Gabavics
Lieutenant Colonel Art Weeks
Production Manager
Valerie Tystad
Editor
Jenny Solon
Graphic Artist
Dan Neal
Printing Support Liaison
Carrie Harrod
U.S. UNCLASSIFIED
REL NATO, GCTF, ISAF, MCFI, ABCA
For Official Use Only
iii
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